[75], In 1979 another new tube, the Jubilee line, named in honour of Queen Elizabeth's Silver Jubilee, took over the Stanmore branch from the Bakerloo line, linking it to a newly constructed tube between Baker Street and Charing Cross stations. [144] Each lift was staffed, and at some quiet stations in the 1920s the ticket office was moved into the lift, or it was arranged that the lift could be controlled from the ticket office. Passengers may not get on the first train[236] and the majority of passengers do not find a seat on their trains,[237] some trains having more than four passengers every square metre. [107][109], The lines are electrified with a four-rail DC system: a conductor rail between the rails is energised at210V and a rail outside the running rails at +420V, giving a potential difference of 630V. On the sections of line shared with mainline trains, such as the District line from East Putney to Wimbledon and Gunnersbury to Richmond, and the Bakerloo line north of Queen's Park, the centre rail is bonded to the running rails. London Under. 1863. . [66][71] Also during the 1960s, the Victoria line was dug under central London and, unlike the earlier tunnels, did not follow the roads above. [127] All lines use fixed-length trains with between six and eight cars, except for the Waterloo & City line that uses four cars. These were all delivered by 2017. The London Underground (also known simply as the Underground or by its nickname the Tube) is a rapid transit system serving Greater London and some parts of the adjacent counties of Buckinghamshire, Essex and Hertfordshire in England. On 19 August 2016, London Underground launched a 24-hour service on the Victoria and Central lines with plans in place to extend this to the Piccadilly, Northern and Jubilee lines starting on Friday morning and continuing right through until Sunday evening. Travel tools; The buildings had metal lettering attached to pale walls. Passengers travelling without a valid ticket must pay a penalty fare of 80 (40 if paid within 21days) and can be prosecuted for fare evasion under the Regulation of Railways Act 1889 and Transport for London Byelaws. [262][263], The current standard tube map shows the Docklands Light Railway, London Overground, Emirates Air Line, London Tramlink and the London Underground;[264] a more detailed map covering a larger area, published by National Rail and Transport for London, includes suburban railway services. [77], In 1984 control of London Buses and the London Underground passed back to central government with the creation of London Regional Transport (LRT), which reported directly to the Secretary of State for Transport, still retaining the London Transport brand. Clapham Common. There are two instances where two separate stations share the same name: there is one Edgware Road station on the Circle, District, and Hammersmith & City lines and another Edgware Road on the Bakerloo line, and there is one Hammersmith station on the District and Piccadilly lines and another Hammersmith station on the Circle and Hammersmith & City lines. [276] Crossrail will also be identified with a roundel. [83], In 2000, Transport for London (TfL) was created as an integrated body responsible for London's transport system. 1. [240], Compared with 200304, the reliability of the network had increased in 201011, with lost customer hours reduced from 54million to 40million. [51][52] The Piccadilly line was extended north to Cockfosters and took over District line branches to Harrow (later Uxbridge) and Hounslow. [143], Originally access to the deep-tube platforms was by a lift. This London Underground Stations quiz is designed to test London's biggest transport fanatics. Over 500million journeys have taken place using contactless, and TfL has become one of Europe's largest contactless merchants, with around 1 in 10 contactless transactions in the UK taking place on the TfL network. [204] The Oyster card must be 'touched in' at the start and end of a journey, otherwise it is regarded as 'incomplete' and the maximum fare is charged. Chalk Farm Station is the closest to Primrose Hill. I would extend the Hayes Line to Sevenoaks via Keston, Biggin Hill Airport, Westerham, Brasted, Sundridge and Sevenoaks. This resulted in the closure of the short section of tunnel between Green Park and Charing Cross stations. [246] As of 2015[update] there have been nine consecutive years in which no employee fatalities have occurred. Two people have been stabbed just outside a crowded Tube station in West London in broad daylight. Reveal Map: World Capitals II. Originally a joint Great Western and Metropolitan railways service, the line first appeared separately on the tube map in 1990. [338] Routes on the Underground can also be optimized using a global network optimization approach, akin to routing algorithms for Internet applications. [80] Following the fire, substantial improvements to safety on the Tube were implemented - including the banning of smoking, removal of wooden escalators, installation of CCTV and fire detectors, as well as comprehensive radio coverage for the emergency services. This page was last edited on 16 January 2023, at 16:57. [108] Trains generally run on the left-hand track. [291] In the 1920s and 1930s, Charles Holden designed a series of modernist and art-deco stations some of which he described as his 'brick boxes with concrete lids'. Today, London Underground delivers approximately 2.5 billion passenger journeys annually on 11 lines, from 272 stations. [231][232], As of January2022[update], there are 90 stations with step-free access from platform to train,[154][233][234] and there are plans to provide step-free access at another 11 stations by 2024. Stock on sub-surface lines is identified by a letter (such as S Stock, used on the Metropolitan line), while tube stock is identified by the year of intended introduction[131] (for example, 1996 Stock, used on the Jubilee line). What is the busiest underground line in London? By Rohan Gupta. Numbers of commissions dropped, to eight a year in the 1950s and just four a year in the 1970s,[312] with images from artists such Harry Stevens and Tom Eckersley. [302], The first posters used various type fonts, as was contemporary practice,[304] and station signs used sans serif block capitals. 1 Piccadilly line - 71km. Some stations are in two zones, and the cheapest fare applies. [151] The only wooden escalator not to be replaced was at Greenford station, which remained until March 2014 when TfL replaced it with the first incline lift on the UK transport network in October 2015. [308] Johnston was adopted systemwide after the formation of the LPTB in 1933 and the LT wordmark was applied to locomotives and carriages. [255] A Central London Railway route diagram appears on a 1904 postcard and 1905 poster,[256] similar maps appearing in District Railway cars in 1908. The only London Underground stations in Zones 7 to 9 are on the Metropolitan line beyond Moor Park, outside London region. London Underground, better known as the Tube, has 11 lines covering 402km and serving 272 stations. Therefore, the transportation and complex network literatures include extensive information about the Tube system. Estimated to cost between 4.7bn to 7.9bn (in 2017 prices), the extension would take around 7 years to construct. [189] The invitation to tender for the trains was issued in January 2016;[190] the specifications for the Piccadilly line infrastructure are expected in 2016,[184][185] and the first train is due to run on the Piccadilly line in 2023. This line is important in this project because it currently provides a less frequent service than other lines. [47] An extension of the Central line west to Ealing was also delayed by the war and was completed in 1920. [309] Johnston was redesigned, becoming New Johnston, for photo-typesetting in the early 1980s when Elichi Kono designed a range that included Light, Medium and Bold, each with its italic version. [78] One person operation had been planned in 1968, but conflict with the trade unions delayed introduction until the 1980s. [102][103], As of 2021, the Underground serves 272 stations. [176][177], The eighty-six 1973 stock trains that operate on the Piccadilly line are some of the most reliable trains on the London Underground. In some cases, such as Aldwych and Ongar, the buildings remain and are used for other purposes. In 1999, Carlton Television premiered a regional game show (Greater London area only) also called Mind the Gap. [6], The Underground has its origins in the Metropolitan Railway, the world's first underground passenger railway. King's Cross underground station is more popularly known as King's Cross St. Pancras, as two overground stations meet here. Capacity can be increased further if the operation of the Charing Cross and Bank branches is separated. These London Underground quiz questions and answers are designed to test your knowledge on all aspects of one of the world's most extensive (and most expensive!) [205] In March 2012 the cost of this in the previous year to travellers was 66.5million. How many stations are there on the London Underground? Opened on 10 January 1863,[7] it is now part of the Circle, District, Hammersmith & City and Metropolitan lines. Access from platform to train at some stations can be assisted using a boarding ramp operated by staff, and a section has been raised on some platforms to reduce the step. [146] In the 1920s and 1930s many lifts were replaced by escalators. Heathrow Terminal 4 Underground station is accessible via lifts or stairs on Level -1. The London Underground uses a system of nine concentric zones for the calculation of fares between stations. [171][172], The Central line was the first line to be modernised in the 1990s, with 85 new 1992-stock trains and a new automatic signalling system installed to allow Automatic Train Operation. Heathrow Terminals 2 and 3 station is between the terminals, which are a few minutes' walk away via pedestrian subway. Of the 32 London boroughs, six (Bexley, Bromley, Croydon, Kingston, Lewisham and Sutton) are not served by the Underground network, while Hackney has Old Street (on the Northern line Bank branch) and Manor House (on the Piccadilly line) only just inside its boundaries. [50] The Metropolitan promoted housing estates near the railway with the "Metro-land" brand and nine housing estates were built near stations on the line. [138] In 2012, air-cooling units were installed on platforms at Green Park station using cool deep groundwater and at Oxford Circus using chiller units at the top of an adjacent building. [310], Early advertising posters used various letter fonts. [239] Capacity increases have been overtaken by increased demand, and peak overcrowding has increased by 16 percent since 200405. This opened in 1890 with electric locomotives that hauled carriages with small opaque windows, nicknamed padded cells. On social media, email or the website, our travel tools can help you get around. Chiltern Railways shares track with the Metropolitan Line between Harrow-on-the-Hill and Amersham. The stations were the first on the Underground to have platform edge doors, and were built to have step free access throughout. Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3 has a single-player level named Mind The Gap where most of the level takes place between the dockyards and Westminster while the player and a team of SAS attempt to take down terrorists attempting to escape using the London Underground via a hijacked train. Its platforms are, on average, 22m below sea level. This, combined with segregation of trains at Camden Town junction, will allow 3036 trains per hour compared to 24 trains per hour currently. [128] New trains are designed for maximum number of standing passengers and for speed of access to the cars and have regenerative braking and public address systems. [148] Travellers were asked to stand on the right so that anyone wishing to overtake them would have a clear passage on the left side of the escalator. [88], In July 2005, four coordinated terrorist attacks took place, three of them occurring on the Tube network. The line operates under traditional signalling and does not use Automatic Train Operation. [42] By 1907 the District and Metropolitan Railways had electrified the underground sections of their lines. The London Underground Film Office received over 200 requests to film in 2000. Harlesden . [225], Night Tube services were suspended in March 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic. [171][173][174], The signalling system on the Jubilee line has been replaced to increase capacity on the line by 20%the line now runs 30 trains per hour at peak times, compared to the previous 24 trains per hour. On the Circle and Hammersmith & City lines . [300] Stations were built to the latest standards, future proofed for growth, with innovations such as Platform screen doors. Hyde Park Corner is on the Northern Line. [192], The Underground received 2.669billion in fares in 2016/17 and uses Transport for London's zonal fare system to calculate fares. The London Underground map serves as a playing field for the conceptual game of Mornington Crescent[334] (which is named after a station on the Northern line) and the board game The London Game. The Northern line operates at roughly 8-minute intervals between Morden and Camden Town via Charing Cross, and at 15-minute intervals between Camden Town and Edgware and between Camden Town and High Barnet. There were many instances of passengers collapsing whilst travelling, due to heat and pollution, leading for calls to clean the air through the installation of garden plants. [180][181][182], In mid-2014 Transport for London issued a tender for up to 18 trains for the Jubilee line and up to 50 trains for the Northern line. [44] Only the Metropolitan Railway, along with its subsidiaries the Great Northern & City Railway and the East London Railway, and the Waterloo & City Railway, by then owned by the main line London and South Western Railway, remained outside the Underground Group's control. This will replace the existing fleet with new air-cooled walk-through trains and a new signalling system to allow Automatic Train Operation. [191] Siemens Mobility's Inspiro design was selected in June 2018 in a 1.5billion contract. Harry Potter fans will remember that the titular character has to find his way from the underground station to a secret . Use our travel tools to check your travel. It has 50 stations, counting all branches, and is the busiest of all lines, with 294 million passenger journeys recorded in 2016/17. A route from Elephant & Castle to Lewisham via the Old Kent Road and New Cross Gate was chosen by Transport for London in 2019. All underground trains are required to comply with The Rail Vehicle Accessibility (Non Interoperable Rail System) Regulations 2010 (RVAR 2010) by 2020.[130]. The Tube handles up to five million passenger journeys a day. The two Paddington stations operate as a combined station with shared usage statistics. [62] They were not always a guarantee of safety however; on 11 January 1941 during the London Blitz, a bomb penetrated the booking hall of Bank Station, the blast from which killed 111 people, many of whom were sleeping in passage ways and on platforms. [336] Performers are chosen by audition, with previous buskers including Ed Sheeran, George Michael and Rod Stewart.[337]. The extension was privately funded, with contributions from developments across the Battersea Power Station, Vauxhall and Nine Elms areas. [135][136] The main purpose of the London Underground's ventilation fans is to extract hot air from the tunnels,[132] and fans across the network are being refurbished, although complaints of noise from local residents preclude their use at full power at night. [272][39] The roundel was first printed on a map cover using the Johnston typeface in June 1919, and printed in colour the following October. The trains have been replaced with 47 new higher-capacity 2009-stock trains. [268], While the first use of a roundel in a London transport context was the trademark of the London General Omnibus Company registered in 1905, it was first used on the Underground in 1908 when the UERL placed a solid red circle behind station nameboards on platforms to highlight the name. The Underground Electric Railways Company of London (UERL) was established in 1902 to fund the electrification of the District Railway and to complete and operate three tube lines, the Baker Street and Waterloo Railway, the Charing Cross, Euston and Hampstead Railway and the Great Northern, Piccadilly and Brompton Railway, which opened in 1906-07. [332] In 2016, British composer Daniel Liam Glyn released his concept album Changing Stations based on the 11 main tube lines of the London Underground network.[333]. A control room for the sub-surface network has been built in Hammersmith and an automatic train control (ATC) system is to replace ageing signalling equipment dating from between the mid-1920s and late 1980s, including the signal cabin at Edgware Road, the control room at Earl's Court, and the signalling centre at Baker Street. The Carr-Edwards report, published in 1938 as possibly the first attempt at a graphics standards manual, introduced stricter guidelines. [73], On 28 February 1975, a southbound train on the Northern City Line failed to stop at its Moorgate terminus and crashed into the wall at the end of the tunnel, in the Moorgate tube crash. The Metropolitan line can reach speeds of 62mph (100km/h). Although the Circle and Hammersmith & City lines station at Paddington is on the other side of the main line station to the Bakerloo, Circle and District lines station, it is shown as a single station on the current Tube map, but still counted as 2 in the official station count. Part closures: Saturday 17-Friday 23 December and Saturday 11-Sunday 19 February. The line is predicted to run 3036 trains per hour, up to a 50% increase compared to the 2425 train per hour service provided today. Five trains will be required for the Northern line extension and 45 to increase frequencies on the rest of the line. [125] Since the early 1960s all passenger trains have been electric multiple units with sliding doors[126] and a train last ran with a guard in 2000. Central Line The line runs 34 trains per hour for half an hour in the morning peak but is unable to operate more frequently because of a lack of additional trains. wo men have been stabbed in broad daylight close to a north-west London Tube station. There are three instances where two separate stations share the same name: Edgware . In 2020, passenger numbers fell significantly during the COVID-19 pandemic and 40 stations were temporarily closed. [70] In 1962, the British Transport Commission was abolished, and the London Transport Executive was renamed the London Transport Board, reporting directly to the Minister of Transport. These were constructed in 1926 to aid drainage of water from the platforms, but also halve the likelihood of a fatality when a passenger falls or jumps in front of a train.[250][251][252]. London: Vintage Books. [171], The signalling system on the Victoria line has been replaced to increase capacity on the line by around 25%; the line now runs up to 36 trains per hour compared to 2728 previously. There were 43 deaths and 74 injuries, the greatest loss of life during peacetime on the London Underground. [166], Several other extensions have been proposed in recent years, including a further extension of the Northern line to Clapham Junction. [290] The Met's architect Charles Walter Clark had used a neo-classical design for rebuilding Baker Street and Paddington Praed Street stations before the First World War and, although the fashion had changed, continued with Farringdon in 1923. It was first opened in 1863 and is the second-busiest underground station in the whole of London. [158], This partially changed in March 2020, when 4G signal was made available on parts of the Jubilee line, between Westminster and Canning Town, throughout the stations and tunnels. [313] The Central London Railway used colour illustrations in their 1905 poster,[314] and from 1908 the Underground Group, under Pick's direction, used images of country scenes, shopping and major events on posters to encourage use of the tube. The line and the stations were transferred to the London Overground network in 2010. The goal is to visit all the stations on the system, but not necessarily using all the lines; participants may connect between stations on foot, or by using other forms of public transport. [299] The project was critically acclaimed, with the Royal Fine Arts Commission describing the project as "an example of patronage at its best and most enlightened", and two stations shortlisted for the Stirling Prize. [84], TfL eventually replaced London Regional Transport, and discontinued the use of the London Transport brand in favour of its own brand. The Overground never runs underground. [206], In 2014, TfL became the first public transport provider in the world to accept payment from contactless bank cards. [22] To prepare construction, a short test tunnel was built in 1855 in Kibblesworth, a small town with geological properties similar to London. Countries of the World - No Outlines Minefield. [226], Accessibility for people with limited mobility was not considered when most of the system was built, and before 1993 fire regulations prohibited wheelchairs on the Underground. The Central line operates at 20-minute intervals between Leytonstone and Hainault, between Leytonstone and Loughton, and between White City and Ealing Broadway. [24] It was hailed as a success, carrying 38,000 passengers on the opening day, and borrowing trains from other railways to supplement the service. [321] Harold Hutchison became London Transport publicity officer in 1947, after the Second World War and nationalisation, and introduced the "pair poster", where an image on a poster was paired with text on another. London Tube Lines Bakerloo Line The Bakerloo Line runs from Harrow & Wealdstone in north west London to Elephant & Castle south of the River Thames and is colour-coded brown on tube maps. The trains often break down, have to be withdrawn from service at short notice and at times are not available when required, leading to gaps in service at peak times. Its first section opened in 1863,[1] making it the oldest underground metro system in the world although approximately 55% of the current network is above ground,[2] as it generally runs on the surface in outlying suburbs. [283] The City & South London Railway opened with red-brick buildings, designed by Thomas Phillips Figgis, topped with a lead-covered dome that contained the lift mechanism and weather vane (still visible at many stations e.g. [60] After work restarted on the Central line extensions in east and west London, these were completed in 1949. [63] On 3 March 1943, a test of the air-raid warning sirens, together with the firing of a new type of anti-aircraft rocket, resulted in a crush of people attempting to take shelter in Bethnal Green Underground station. 1868. [212] Since 2010, the Freedom Pass has included an embedded holder's photograph; it lasts five years between renewals. The day-to-day running of the corporation is left to the Commissioner of Transport for London. Originally, air turbulence was kept to a minimum by keeping all signage flat to the tunnel walls. [328], Similarly since 1986, Poems on the Underground has commissioned poetry that is displayed in trains. [39] In the early 20th century, the District and Metropolitan railways needed to electrify and a joint committee recommended an AC system, the two companies co-operating because of the shared ownership of the inner circle. The latest of these lines is the highly successful Elizabeth line which was . On 10 January, The Metropolitan Railway opens the world's first underground railway, between Paddington (then called Bishop's Road) and Farringdon Street. [193] There are nine zones with zone 1 being the central zone, which includes the loop of the Circle line with a few stations to the south of River Thames. [76] Under the control of the GLC, London Transport introduced a system of fare zones for buses and underground trains that cut the average fare in 1981. [165] Due to financial impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, work to implement the extension is currently on hold. [82] The stations have subsequently been praised as exemplary pieces of 20th century architecture. The 11 lines collectively handle up to 5million passenger journeys a day and serve 272 stations. [12], The early tube lines, originally owned by several private companies, were brought together under the Underground brand in the early 20th century, and eventually merged along with the sub-surface lines and bus services in 1933 to form London Transport under the control of the London Passenger Transport Board (LPTB). [6] The Underground has its origins in the Metropolitan Railway, the world's first underground passenger railway. The Bakerloo line was extended north to Queen's Park to join a new electric line from Euston to Watford, but the First World War delayed construction and trains reached Watford Junction in 1917. Photo Sales. This will replace the existing fleet with new air-cooled articulated trains and a new signalling system to allow Automatic Train Operation. These are made up of the sub-surface network and the deep-tube lines. These lines have the exclusive use of a pair of tracks, except for the Uxbridge branch of the Piccadilly line, which shares track with the District line between Acton Town and Hanger Lane Junction and with the Metropolitan line between Rayners Lane and Uxbridge; and the Bakerloo line, which shares track with London Overground's Watford DC Line for its aboveground section north of Queen's Park. [214][215], The tube closes overnight during the week, but since 2016, the Central, Jubilee, Northern, Piccadilly, and Victoria lines, as well as a short section of the London Overground have operated all night on Friday and Saturday nights. [1] The Circle, District, Hammersmith & City, and Metropolitan lines form the sub-surface network, with railway tunnels just below the surface and of a similar size to those on British main lines, converging on a circular bi-directional loop around zone 1. [137], In June 2006 a groundwater cooling system was installed at Victoria station. [170], The thirty-six 1972-stock trains on the Bakerloo line have already exceeded their original design life of 40 years. [285] Clark would later design "Chiltern Court", the large, luxurious block of apartments at Baker Street, that opened in 1929. [213], In addition to automatic and staffed faregates at stations, the Underground also operates on a proof-of-payment system. Listed for each station is the line or lines serving it, the local authority and London Travelcard zone in which it is located, the date it opened, previous names and passenger usage statistics in millions per year.. [142] Often, electronic signs have their flat surface at right angles to the main air flow, causing choked flow. London E20 1JN. There are 20 miles (32km) of cut-and-cover tunnel and 93 miles (150km) of tube tunnel. [150] After the fatal 1987 King's Cross fire, all wooden escalators were replaced with metal ones and the mechanisms are regularly degreased to lower the potential for fires. 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