It encompasses state (at Federal and Land level) safety and health provision and the autonomous accident insurance institutions. (3) In paragraph (2) work process means all aspects of work involving, or in connection with (a)the use of plant or machinery; or (b)the use or storage of any dangerous substance. In Spain, the SFPE Engineering Guide for Performance Based Fire Protection, and the UNE-ISO 23932, Fire safety engineering, General principles, are used as reference for performance based fire safety design. Open menu. Reduce the probability of a fire occurrence; Facilitate the evacuation and rescue of occupants at risk; Allow an effective and safe intervention of the rescue teams. 9.5.2007. In France the system is rather different. Fire behavior in case of fire of a component is appreciated according to its resistance to fire but also by the fire reaction of its constituent materials. In the current scheme the contractor hands in a complete building design to the local building authorities. OSHA eTool. Note that a CE mark is not considered as an approval for the use of a given product in a specific application. These include the regulation on working premises, the regulation on plant safety, and the regulation on hazardous substances. Each region has its urban planning code. The project will also need to be registered with and approved by the municipality. 2006. stman B, Rydholm D. 2002. All of these activities are considered as having a higher fire risk, and normally have a threshold: for example, commercial activities over 400 sqm, car parks over 300 sqm, hotels over 25 beds, civil buildings higher than 24 m. If an activity is under the threshold, its not subject to Fire fighters control and it only has to apply the safety at work rules, which include also a part about fire safety, with less requirements. Fire safety rules are set nationally. Today for performance based design it is mandatory to consider that a fire might break out in an existing building adjacent to the new public place, if that building has no fire alarm. The OIB Guidelines serve to harmonise the construction engineering regulations in Austria. 3 criteria (Eurocodes) are used to determine it: bearing capacity or resistance (R), flame tightness and absence of gas emission (E) and thermal insulation (I). Verification of the buildings fire protection shall be performed through. ); fire reaction for materials (in which European classification is widely used, but also Italian classification is still in use for the materials not covered by the European classification like for example tents and upholstered furniture); fire safety systems (hydrants, smoke detectors, sprinkler, smoke management, emergency lights, etc. 11832/2021, of 30 november(Decreto-Lei n 11832/2021, de 30 de novembro). These bring together technicians, experts and firefighters who hold a brevet de prvention, or prevention certificate. When the structure is built the technician must apply to the same body for a certificato di prevenzione incendi before the building can be used. Codes & Standards. This is often with the help of the fire consultant who designed the fire strategy. Virtually every building, process, service, design, and installation in society today is affected by NFPA documents. Based on the BS 9999, its a general code and applies to all activities. (a)provide that the regulator is the building control authority in relation to higher-risk buildings in England, and. English German Fire Rooster fire safety fire safety certificate fire safety engineering fire safety measures fire safety regulations fire safety requirement fire salamander Fire Salamander fire salamanders fire sale fire sales fire scar fire scene fire screen fire safety regulations in German English-German dictionary fire safety regulations In case that old buildings undertake significant alterations or change of use the Official Permit must comply with the New Regulation (Presidential Decree 41/2018). The fire protection regulations are intended to protect the lives and health of employees and other persons (students, guests, visitors, external company employees) and to prevent or minimise possible damage to property. But use a computer model to prove that burnable materials would be acceptable on a skyscraper? The possibility to deviate from prescriptive rules is intended to ensure the necessary flexibility for innovative architectural and technical solutions. After construction, a licensed engineer, who must be different from the builder and the construction supervisor, has to confirm that the project complies with the building permit and the regulations. Classifications cover low, medium, high and very high hazard categories with offices coming in the lowest risk category and public buildings, hotels, restaurants, etc Spain has two main types of regulation of fire protection: for industrial buildings and for non-industrial buildings. The method of documentation can also be a combination of the mentioned methods. Since 2007 all new tower blocks in England over 30m high must be fitted with sprinklers by law. In the UK there is a 2 strand approach. Link to Decree-Law No. But this is not always the case; there are differences between municipalities. For actual implementation within companies, the rules are supplemented by information, written in clear language and accompanied by illustrative examples. The methods can also be combined.The verification method shall be chosen for the specific object in view of the complexity of the fire protection. The building fire regulations in Germany consist of three levels: Building code of the 16 federal states, which are based on the national model building code as national framework and but may consist different provisions in detail, e.g. How does this work in practice? Many translated example sentences containing "fire and safety regulations" - German-English dictionary and search engine for German . Code de la construction et de lhabitation (CCH) Titre II Chapitre II : Dispositions de scurit relatives aux immeubles de grande hauteur. Fire protection documentation shall be prepared. To ensure that buildings are designed and constructed in accordance with relevant regulations, the developer of the building should at an early stage consider the need for the relevant competency for the respective tasks which together with the conditions for the design and construction are presented to local authorities to form the basis of the inspection plan. For any substantial alterations the owner needs a new permit from the local authority. The legal procedure in which a licensing process for a building takes place varies taking into account various aspects such as the type, After approval of the projects presented, and when. Corpus ID: 188126085; Fire safety regulations in Germany and limitations for the use bio-based building products - State of the art report @inproceedings{Werther2015FireSR, title={Fire safety regulations in Germany and limitations for the use bio-based building products - State of the art report}, author={Norman Werther and Veronika Hofmann and Michael Merk and Stefan Winter}, year={2015} } 8955/2020, of 18 september (Despacho n 8955/2020, de 18 de setembro), Technical Note 18 Water Curtain Systems, Technical Note 19 Automatic gas detection systems, Technical Note 21Fire protection management system, Technical Note 26 Temporary and Itinerant Enclosures, Technical Note 28 Fire behavior of construction products. And what of clarity? German police on Wednesday fired water cannons in an attempt to disperse crowds gathered in the capital of Berlin protesting government efforts to implement additional coronavirus safety regulations. Buildings in Denmark are categorized based on the use of the building, occupancy, risk, complexity and method of documentation. The main aspects of the Portuguese regulations: GENERAL OBJECTIVES OF THE PORTUGUESE FIRE REGULATION FRAMEWORK FOR BUILDINGS: Determine the minimum conditions to be met by the design, construction and layout of buildings to: (a) Reduce the probability of a fire occurrence; (b) Limit the development of eventual incidents, circumscribing and minimizing their effects, likesmoke or gases; (c) Facilitate the evacuation and rescue of occupants at risk; (d) Allow an effective and safe intervention of the rescue teams. Also, the regulations will require responsible persons in multi-occupied residential buildings which are high-rise buildings [footnote 1], as well as those above 11 metres in height, to provide additional safety measures. To be successful in today's market, companies must have clearly defined processes. If you are a landlord, 'responsible person' as identified under the Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005, or have any dealing with fire door ins Note: In the course of building permission, recommendations of the insurers are often and in individual cases used for the design of fire protection systems. The same applies should a plant fail to follow directions issued for example by a labour inspector from a German Social Accident Insurance Institution in the course of a plant inspection. Fire Safety Engineering is allowed in Italy starting from 2007 but its still not widely used. These building codes are subsequently referring to guidelines of the Austrian Institute of construction engineering (OIB guidelines). with the CE mark. After numerous reviews and publications, the Fire Safety (England) Regulations 2022 have been introduced under article 24 of The Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005. The Fire Services Acts 1981 & 2003 place responsibility for fire safety on every person having control of a building. Reglamento de Instalaciones Petrolferas, RD 2085/1994 (Petrol-Oil Installations): Reglamento de Almacenamiento de Productos Qumicos, RD 656/2017 (Storage of Chemical products): In the UK there is a 2 strand approach. Technical Note 1 Typical-uses for buildings and enclosures, Technical Note 2 Competencies and Responsibilities in fire safety in buildings, Technical Note 4Graphic symbology for Fire Safety Projects Plants, Technical Note 8 Level of reaction of rescue services Order No. Volume 7 of the German Social Code (SGB VII) formulates the statutory mandate for the work of the German Social Accident Insurance Institutions in Germany. The fire authority has the powers to require additional firesafety measures if alterations have been carried out. Link toOrder No. A buildings fire protection shall be designed with adequate robustness to ensure all or large parts of the protection are not knocked out by individual events or stresses. Develops, publishes, and disseminates more than 300 consensus codes and standards intended to minimize the possibility and effects of fire and other risks. Seven criteria define the European classification (, These regulations will make it a requirement in law for responsible persons of high-rise blocks of flats to provide information to Fire and Rescue Services to assist them to plan and, if needed, provide an effective operational response. that is at least 18 metres tall or has at least seven storeys. 220/2008, of 12 november (Decreto-Lei n 220/2008, de 12 de novembro). 8955/2020, of 18 september (PT): https://www.apsei.org.pt/media/Nota_T_cnica_n%C2%BA_17_ANEPC_-_Despacho_8955_2020.pdf. The authors explain various concepts of fire safety in historical constructions as well as current German legal and technical fire protection regulations for historical buildings. A list of adopted product standards is published regularly in the Slovenian Official Journal. In case of some deviations from the existing fire regulations, a fire protection verification or fire protection concept is required, established by a fire protection expert and checked by the local construction supervisory authorities or by an approved fire protection expert. The total number of codes is unknown, certainly hundreds, but the main Codes are about 20/30 (see list below). 4.1) was published in 2020. Performance based (analytical) design: Analytical design means that the developer meets one or more of the provisions in this section througha way other than prescriptive design. In July 1979 a hotel fire in Zaragoza killed more than 80 people. In public and high rise buildings fire installations are signed off by safety commissions. The last version (No. No chance. The document is called Nacrt pozarne varnosti and it has to be made by fire engineers, members of The Slovenian Chamber of Engineers, Section of Engineers of Technology and Other Engineers. A building permit is required for repair and alteration work if it is obvious that it may affect the safety or health of those using the building. Seven criteria define the European classification (Euroclasses) for building materials. A list of adopted product standards for CE marking can be generated from the Danish product contact point for construction:http://danishcprcontactpoint.dk/about_pkb. Braunschweig University Study Pavilion is flexible and trans Braunschweig University Study Pavilion is flexible and transparent. For the components of fire protection installations, the CE mark, a mark of conformity to a non-harmonized standard, or a favorable technical evaluation of the product made by an accredited body, are accepted. They are available for consultation and download at the National Emergency and Civil Protection Authoritywebsite. A comparison of fire safety regulations across Europe shows that on the whole, most are more prescriptive than the UKs. For nearly all buildings with a floor level above 7m, some proof of fire protection is needed. In the UK, Scotland has devolved building regulations and enforcement is carried out by 32 local authority verifiers. After construction, detailed checks on structure and fire safety are done by private contractors. e. g. for sprinkler and other fire suppression systems. The objective of the German occupational safety and health act (ArbSchG) is to assure and improve the safety and health of all employees at work by means of suitable OSH measures. Link to Decree-Law No. The national fire safety regulations are based on requirements of fire safety of occupants (people and animals), premises and environment. For houses, the interior ministry shares responsibility with the housing ministry. It is just a declaration of selected properties described in the product standard. They clearly define the safety requirements to be implemented by the authors of architectural and specialty projects, as well as by the direction and supervision of the work in its implementation at the construction phase, by companies that sell or carry out installation and maintenance work on fire safety equipment and systems and by those responsible for the security of buildings in their operation phase. 208/2020, of 1 september (Portaria n 208/2020, de 1 de setembro) which amended the Ordinance 773/2009, of 21 july (Portaria n 773/2009, de 21 de julho). National fire . Regarding buildings with high hazard storage or production, there is an extra layer of fire safety legislation. 135/2020, of 2 june (Portaria n 135/2020, de 2 de junho), which amended for the first time the Ordinance No. Translate texts with the world's best machine translation technology, developed by the . If changes are made to a building (eg construction of a new facade), approval must be obtained from the local authority. Link to Ordinance No. They prohibit works that would cause a new or greater contravention of any provision of building regulations. This is when a project has not reached detailed design but is more than concept design. This German Fire Protection Association is a non-profit organisation who unites all interested parties involved in promoting fire safety (i.e. In Portugal, the fire performance of construction products is based on the corresponding European Classification. This is Faisal Ahammed, NEBOSH-IGC, IOSH-MS & OSHA Qualified Occupational Health Safety & Environment professional - Currently working at Max Infrastructure Limited in Rooppur Nuclear Power Plant Project.<br><br>I consider myself as a highly enthusiastic & motivated professional, and a person of integrity; always put my . This is usually done by a special unit of the local fire department. Some provisions are laid down in the MVV TB itself (see, for example, Chapter A 2 - Safety in case of fire), but in many cases reference is made to existing technical rules (see, for example, Chapter A 1 - Mechanical resistance and stability). These regulations form the basis of occupational safety and health activity within companies. permissible area of fire compartment or minimum required size of opening in the external wall as part of the second escape routes, Additional regulations for special type of buildings or building with special using, e.g. https://www.bauministerkonferenz.de/verzeichnis.aspx?id=991&o=7, Musterverwaltungsvorschriften Technische Baubestimmungen (MVV TB), Verordnung ber Bau von Betriebsrumen fr eletrische Analgen, Richtlinie ber den Bau und Betrieb von Hochhusern, Richtlinie ber den Brandschutz bei der Lagerung von Sekundrstoffen aus Kunststoff, Richtlinie zur Bemessung von Lschwasser-Rckhalteanlagen beim Lagern wassergefhrdenderStoffe, Other relevant documents regarding general fire safety regulations, Richtlinie ber brandschutztechnische Anforderungen an hochfeuer-hemmende Bauteile in Holzbauweise, Richtlinie ber brandschutztechnische Anforderungen an Systembden, Richtlinie ber automatische Schiebetren in Rettungswegen, Richtlinie ber elektrische Verriegelunbgssysteme von Tren in Rettungswegen, Richtlinie ber Flchen fr die Feuerwehr. Then periodic training is required in order to remain inside the list. (b)require the regulator (for England) and the Welsh Ministers (for Wales) to establish and maintain registers of building control approvers and building inspectors. To obtain a building permit (Baugenehmigung), a construction project must comply with all planning and building regulations and all other relevant regulations. In Germany, fire safety relies on prescriptive rules, although industrial buildings have more performance based testing, says Boris Stock, a fire safety consultant. Link to Law No. Link to Order No. Model Building Regulation MBO 14 "Fire Protection" "Buildings and structures must be designed, constructed and maintained in such a way that the development of a fire and the spread of smoke and fire is prevented and that in case of fire the rescue of humans and animals as well as an effective extinguishing are guaranteed." At the design stage a technician (usually a fire engineer) checks that a project accords with the regulations. In addition, soni COMFORT offers excellent fire-resistance values. restrict the spread of the fire inside and outside buildings. Building regulations are mandatory, but the guidance is considered best practice Meaning of general fire precautions 1) In this Order general fire precautions in relation to premises means, subject to paragraph (2) (a)measures to reduce the risk of fire on the premises and the risk of the spread of fire on the premises; (b)measures in relation to the means of escape from the premises; (c)measures for securing that, at all material times, the means of escape can be safely and effectively used; (d)measures in relation to the means for fighting fires on the premises; (e)measures in relation to the means for detecting fire on the premises and giving warning in case of fire on the premises; and (f)measures in relation to the arrangements for action to be taken in the event of fire on the premises, including (i)measures relating to the instruction and training of employees; and (ii)measures to mitigate the effects of the fire. The fine does not exclude the possibility of further civil and criminal proceedings. It is important to: evacuate all people present quickly or defer their evacuation under maximum security conditions. The Building Act 1984 is the primary legislation. Many translated example sentences containing "health safety and fire regulations" - German-English dictionary and search engine for German translations. Regional authorities are in charge of regulations related to urban planning and building permits. In Spain, both at the design stage and when the structure is finished, a building can be approved either by the local authority or by a private contractor certified to provide such services. The Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005 (the Order) governs fire safety and applies to all non-domestic premises, including commercial buildings and common parts of multi-occupied residential buildings. During the building control process the local authority consults with the fire authority about the fire safety aspects of most building work. Technical requirements, including fire safety, are found in the Bouwbesluit (building decree) and the Regeling Bouwbesluit (building decree regulation). By using our site you accept the terms of our Cookie Policy. After a fire at Garnock Court, a tower block in Irvine in 1999, a series of reports led to a different policy from Englands. The New Regulation for the Fire Protection of Buildings (Presidential Decree 41/2018) being in force for all new buildings from 07/08/2018 and after. (1)This Act has 6 Parts, and contains provisions intended to secure the safety of people in or about buildings and to improve the standard of buildings. The Buildings permission must be granted if a building meets all requirements of building code and additional building regulations. What can be done? Once the works are completed, it is necessary to present the documents proving the execution of the works as expected and in full compliance with legal requirements in order to be issued the License for Use. In addition, the local fire department should be also heard and involved in course of the building permission. The legal requirements for fire safety are found in two principal pieces of fire legislation: Part B of Schedule 1 of the Building Regulations sets out the requirements for design, alterations and refurbishments. The requirements on building components are defined in the, administrative technical building regulations of the federal states that are based on the national model administrative technical building regulations as national framework and. Besides the overall guideline for fire safety new guidelines concerning fire safety installations, operation and maintenance, documentation of fire safety means, and the responsibilities and role for the certified fire safety consultant is introduced with Building Regulation 2018. The National Corp has two main tasks: extinguishing interventions and fire prevention. The building codes in Austria are specified by the governments of 9 federal states. The German system for safety and health at the workplace has a dual structure. ), the SCIA Segnalazione Certificata di Inizio Attivit (Certified segnalation of activity beginning, signed by the activity manager), with a certification (Asseverazione) signed by a technician who declares that the activity has been built according to the fire safety project and to the applicable fire safety codes.The SCIA submitted to Fire fighters is the document which allows an activity to operate. There are also requirements to be fulfilled by the fire protection products, installations, installers and maintainers, stated in a different regulation. enable access and intervention by the emergency and fire services. In doing so, they are not bound by the wording of the model. I am happy with this. (6)Part 5 contains further provisions, including. HVAC, electric system, lighting protection, etc. Instead they set out how it is expected to perform, says Danny Hopkin, an associate at Olsson Fire in London. (a) prevent the birth, development and spread of a fire; In terms of fire, the regulations essentially aim to ensure that people are protected. During the reconstruction and maintenance, fire safety of buildings must not be reduced. According to the N.F.P.A., these fires caused 410 deaths, 5,310 injuries and $993 million in direct property damage. However, it also applies to several other cases (enlargements, transformation of use of the construction ). The coroner called Part B a most difficult document to use and recommended it be reviewed. Fire Safety England Regulations 2022. Slovenia has adopted the EU harmonized system for classification of resistance to fire and reaction to fire. 1532/2008, of 29 december (Portaria n 1532/2008, de 29 de dezembro). document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); CFPA EUROPE 2021 CFPA Europe, c/o DBI, Jernholmen 12, 2650, Hidovre, Denmark. https://www.oib.or.at/de/kennzeichnung-und-zulassung-von-bauprodukten/baustofflisten/baustoffliste-%C3%B6. Minor additions can be made by local authorities. around 2000 individual members and 600 organisations as members). 8903/2020, of 17 september (PT): https://www.apsei.org.pt/media/Nota_T_cnica_n%C2%BA_8_ANEPC_-_Despacho_8903_2020.pdf, Technical Note 13 Wet and dry nets (Nota Tcnica N 13 redes secas e hmidas), published by Order N 8904/2020, of 17 september (Despacho n 8904/2020, de 17 de setembro). According to the structure of the International and the European Standardization, it is today divided into . The dual system for safety and health at work in Germany will remain, but collabora-tion between the supervisory services of the statutory accident insurance institutions and the safety and health authorities of the Lnder with respect to providing advice to businesses and exercising their responsibilities for oversight will be further im-proved. These regulations are prescriptive only. The Fire Safety (England) Regulations 2022 have been introduced to expand the duties of Responsible Persons for multi-occupied residential buildings, as well as ensuring that: fire and rescue . Link to Order No. But in Germany, it is the responsibility of the federal states. From January 2023, the Fire Safety (England) Regulations 2022 will make it a requirement in law for responsible persons of; to provide information to fire and rescue services to assist them in. Should employers or insured individuals contravene accident prevention regulations deliberately or through gross negligence, the German Social Accident Insurance institutions may impose a fine of up to 10,000. The federal states may declare OIB Guidelines as binding in their building codes- in fact- all federal states did so by now. Furniture and Furnishings (Fire Safety) Regulations The Furniture and Furnishings (Fire Safety) Regulations set the levels of flame resistance of upholstered furniture, furnishings, and all products that contain upholstery material, as well as the labeling requirement of upholstered furniture products in the UK market. Reglamento de Instalaciones de Proteccin contra Incendios, RD 513/2017. Each specialty project needs its own regulamentation and an advisory opinion from the respective entities that regulate them. Hellenic Fire Department circulars, acting mainly as explanatory instructions for specific cases of application of the above two Regulations and in some cases providing guidelines (not legally binding). 3) Later, Fire fighters can make inspections and, if positive, they release the Fire certificate (CPI Certificato di prevenzione incendi) or, sometimes, an equivalent certificate named Verbale di visita tecnica. The building regulation is supplemented with a set of guidelines. To protect our lives, health, property and the environment, fire protection regulations and standards in the various fields have the objective to : Prevent fires. Building Regulations 1984 is the law and regulates the way people and companies build. Both methods are equally valid. A qualitative assessment may be used as a verification method if the deviations from the prescriptive design are limited. It contains specifications for fire prevention measures and provides information on the behaviour in the event of a fire. These solutions give the acceptable level of safety determined by the society. It is up to employers to choose solutions which enable them to respect all of the texts to which they are subject. The FSA 2021, and associated regulations, will provide a clearer path for enforcement action and prosecution against any Responsible Person who fails to comply with its obligations. This can take place at different stages: during the procedure to gain planning permission, before the mayor allows the building to be opened to the public or at any time afterwards, in the form of unannounced visits. The disco was in a building not approved for that activity. The regulations apply to existing buildings, and requirements for new buildings may be different. soni COMFORT has been tested successfully according to the DIN 4102 fire safety standard and is classified as fire-retardant (B1). Link to Order No. The parties to the GDA will coordi-nate their activities in the area of prevention at the workplace even more closely in the future, based on jointly agreed goals for safety and health at work. The OIB Guidelines are designed and handled as prescriptive fire safety design rules, but it is also possible to use performance based approaches. Since October 1977, materials used in construction have to be non-combustible and any works in the building after its opening cannot begin without a building permit, an authorisation of the prfet (the states regional or local official) and an oversight of security commissions. Generally, Sweden has adopted the EU harmonized system for classification of resistance to fire and reaction to fire. 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Expected to perform, says Danny Hopkin, an associate at Olsson fire in London is also possible use...: //danishcprcontactpoint.dk/about_pkb be performed through based approaches used as a verification method shall be chosen for use. Ce mark is not considered as an approval for the specific object view... Is allowed in Italy starting from 2007 but its still not widely used is just declaration..., 5,310 injuries and $ 993 million in direct property damage local fire should! Concept design of most building work employers to choose solutions which enable them to respect all the! For CE marking can be generated from the Danish product contact point for construction: http: //danishcprcontactpoint.dk/about_pkb some. And an advisory opinion from the Danish product contact point for construction::. Interested parties involved in promoting fire safety regulations & quot ; fire and reaction to fire aux immeubles de hauteur! May be different blocks in England, and using our site you accept the terms of our Policy! Fine does not exclude the possibility of further Civil and criminal proceedings periodic training german fire safety regulations required in order remain... Metres tall or has at least seven storeys protection Authoritywebsite and firefighters who hold a brevet de prvention or. The respective entities that regulate them technical solutions Guidelines of the model the specific object view! Encompasses state ( at federal and Land level ) safety and health at the workplace has dual. The world & # x27 ; s market, companies must have clearly processes. Is usually done by a special unit of the mentioned methods still widely! It is the responsibility of the complexity of the model a most difficult document to use and recommended be... N 11832/2021, of 18 september ( PT ): https: %! Construction: http: //danishcprcontactpoint.dk/about_pkb protection Association is a 2 strand approach to prove that burnable materials would acceptable... 11832/2021, de 29 de dezembro ) UK there is a non-profit organisation who all... Authority has the powers to require additional firesafety measures if alterations have been out... The structure of the texts german fire safety regulations which they are not bound by the governments 9. To urban planning and building permits most building work in July 1979 a hotel fire in Zaragoza killed more 80. Every person having control of a building at the National Corp has two main tasks extinguishing! Design rules, but it is the responsibility of the texts to which they are subject ), must... Fire prevention measures and provides information on the BS 9999, its a general code and applies several! ): https german fire safety regulations //www.apsei.org.pt/media/Nota_T_cnica_n % C2 % BA_17_ANEPC_-_Despacho_8955_2020.pdf in today & # ;...
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