Quick Summary . There are ofcourse reasons for their diligence. ? MARYAM () : https://youtu.be/6I1ujFtU0CciTunes: http://itunes.apple.com/album/id14481Apple Music : http://itunes.apple.com/album/id/14482. The Qne bet ( house of the qne) is a stage of the traditional church education in the Ethiopian OrthodoxTwahdoChurch. The tradition began after the sixth century and is traditionally identified with Saint Yared.Through history, the Ethiopian liturgical chants have undergone an evolution similar to that of European liturgical chants. Ethiopian Orthodox Church (EOC). Contact-us He is credited for inventing the zema of the Church; the chant that has been in use continuously for the last almost 1500 years. Source [12], Liturgical chant used by the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, Saint Yared's Hymn for the Feast of Saint Stephen, "Ethiopian chant | vocal music | Britannica", "Ethiopian Christian Liturgical Chant & Historical Context", "Choeur Saint Yared: Chants de L'glise thiopienne", "Oral and Written Transmission in Ethiopian Christian Chant", Norwegian University of Science and Technology, "St. Yared: The Great Ethiopian Composer", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethiopian_chant&oldid=1124513207, Articles with dead external links from December 2019, Articles with permanently dead external links, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. memorization. The student recites the product of his intellectual labour. It is also an occasion of joy for the family, and the parents usually organize a feast to mark the event. 2003-Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church -, 1 - () = , 19 = , 2 () = , 20 = ( ) , 3 - , 21 = ( ) , 4 - () = , 22 = () , 5 - () = , 23 = () , 6 = , 24 = ( ) , 7 () = , 25 = ( ) , 8 = , 26 = , 9 = , 27 = ( ) , 10 = , 28 = ( ) , 11 = , 29 = ( ) - , 12 = , 30 = ( ) - , 13 = ( ) = , 31 = ( ) - , 14 = , 32 = , 15 = , 33 = ( ) - , 16 = , 34 = () - , 17 = , 35 = () - , 18 ' = ( ) . As a next step to help him distinguish individual letters, he is led to pronounce each letter reading from right to left and then from top to bottom. However, zm also survives in the reli-gious tradition of the Falashas, a Judaized people living in northwestern Ethiopia whose origin is widely debated. = , 9 - ( ) = ( )- ., 10 - . If each church has one Nebab Bet, which is probably the case, then there are at least 15,000 one-teacher schools. c) Metsehaf Bet These are most widespread but there are other forms, e.g. When he is able to distinguish the letters he passes to the next drill known as Geez, i.e. 2003-Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church -, 1. The church school system, which is one of the oldest in Christendom, originated in the Aksumite Kingdom with the introduction of Christianity about the 4th century. The few handwritten manuscripts on parchments were, and still are, very expensive. In doing so, a mixed-method research approach with the convergent parallel design was employed. , 1. A Debtera is a general term given to all those who have completed one of the higher schools of the church. Rather, it is as a mnemonic. According to the Church Office there are about 15,000 churches in Ethiopia. The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church had been administratively part of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria from the first half of the 4th century until 1959, when it was granted autocephaly with its own patriarch by Pope Cyril VI of Alexandria, Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church. . = , 15. , . = , 7. Roles of Orthodox teachings. Therefore, the Nebab bet and the church schools as a whole can not be considered to serve the entire population, but only members of the Orthodox Christian Church. The office of a priest is particularly attractive to tenants or landless peasants, because a priest in his area enjoys privileges, and his office entitles him to possession of the land known as Semon land. () = , 31. = [ ]. c) Metsehaf Bet which again have different subdivisions. = [ ], 3 - ( ) = , 4 - = , 5 - = , 7 - = , 8 - = , 9 - . = , 28 - = . = , 23 - . We find the Nebab Bet in practically all churches and monasteries, in a number of villages and in the compounds of well-to-do landlords.
() : [ ], 3 - = , 4 - . Not only did it preserve its ancient tradition with tenacity and convey it to future generations but it also secured remarkable continuity that has lasted to the present day. This hope is perhaps one of the motives that encourages the student to spend more that half of his life at such a school. Besides this, the student is attracted by the adventurous and romantic life of a begging and wondering student, about whom much is spoken and fabulous stories are told.
BETI HAILI : ( ) : https://youtu.be/krOS4KgG_249. One of the group reads a sentence or a phrase. Saint John Chrysostom, Qerlos and others. After some time the group goes again to the teacher and reads the same text and again comments on it. Online. = , 13 [ ], 11 - () = ( ) - .. A reader of the psalms enjoys certain privileges as one of the elite in his village. . 6
Aside from the Authoritarian tradition there is another consideration; the student is not allowed to have a critical opinion about any text to be commented upon, since it is believed that God revealed the content to the Fathers through the Holy Sprit. For, in spite of the inevitable changes taking place in Ethiopia with the steady expansion of modern secular education in the present century, church schools still play an active part in the Ethiopian educational scene. In all these schools the students must learn the material by heart. = , 00. The Qne bet student is frequently compared the hermit (mnna, from mnnn, to renounce; KaneDic 272f.) In these specialized branches the students learns the traditions of the Church, theology, Church history and laws, through the interpretation of the various individual writings. . = , 26. In the just completed Ethiopian year, it managed to get all its 8, 10, and 12 graders pass school leaving examinations.The School ranked 1st out of private schools in Addis Ababa and was awarded three cups as well as one big cup for being a general winner. On the day of his graduation the student is asked, by the guests and students present, to im- provize as many qne as they wish. = , 18. ( ) 1 - () = : 19 = = [ ( ) :: . Such schools may perhaps play a wider role within the context of the national campaign for literacy and provide more instruction for adults as well as young pupils. The students listen attentively and try to remember the comment word for word. This step is important, so the pupil spends more time on it. The teacher may then make some remarks on the students work for the day. Its graduates become cantors of Ethiopian Orthodox (Twado) Church. = ( ) = .. = , 21. Those who want to study further may join the next school, the Metsehaf Bet. an evening lesson, or Yeqal Timhirt, i.e. Here the student attempts to put the letters together in a chanting form and read them as a word. In the Qne bet the students focus on the theory and practice of the composition of qne. There is a large concentration of qualified priests (qes) and musicians (dbtra) in Washington, D.C. [10], The musical notation (melekket) used for the chants, is not a typical notational system since it does not represent pitch or melody. Usually a candidate for his training is attached to a priest or monk to whom he gives certain services, accompanying him on visits of families, festivals, and ceremonies in and outside the parish. ], 8. [ . After leaving the teacher each group moves apart and tries to comment on the text just as the teacher did, as much as possible word for word. The Qene School is perhaps the only school where the students can received both intellectual and traditional training. [ ], 1. () = , 20. In the Christian highlands of Ethiopia, the Church constituted the main guardian of traditional culture and provided the only schools in the land for many centuries. = , 9. / eathebook ! They are known as ararai, ezil and geeze. = [ ], 8. a) Fidel (Alphabets) Instruction 19 - .. . 20 = (2) . However, Ethiopian Churches in smaller communities face challenges in maintaining the liturgical cycle and musical tradition. Humming at the lowest range of the male voice. In the afternoon the session or Gubae takes place again. DEBESEY() : https://youtu.be/1MXnDADblAs5. The educational system in Ethiopia has been profoundly molded by the past. Ethiopianorthodox.org The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. 37 - , 1 - - ( 1 - 7 ) , 2 - , 6 - , 8 - - ( 8 - 11 ) , 9 - , 1 - .. , 2 - , 3 - , 4 - , 5 - , 6 - , 7 - , 8 - ' , 9 - , 10 - ' , 11 - , 12 - , 13 - , 14 - , 15 - , 16 - , 17 - , 18 - . . The main courses of study are in church music, church poetry, and religious literature, each divided according to content of instruction. This timetable shows that the student does not assimilate his lesson passively it happens in other branches of traditional learning. The teacher either accepts the verses or the offers critical comments and sends the student back for further meditation, students come at intervals to the teacher to recite in the manner. The large number of characters (33 in 7 orders) with the differences and irregularities of the related sets are not easily grasped by the beginner. - . The canon law (Fetha Negest) as well as the calendar calculation (Bahre Hasab) are also studied here. 2003-Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church -, 1. Here the child practices reading at a very lively pace, but without mistakes. = . Modern education, of recent origin, is provided mainly in schools operated by the Government. One of the main reasons for this change is that the graduates of the church schools have lost their traditional elite status in the social order, which today particularly in the modern sector, is being occupied by those who have a modern western type of education. Written by Professor Sergew Hable Sellassie and Professor Tadesse Tamerat Traditionally a boy can receive only the Nebab Bet instruction while he is at home. [10], Ethiopian Orthodox Christians form approximately 43.5% of the population of modern day Ethiopia. The Qne bet schools differ in their thinking and teaching methods. ( .. ) ()= , 20. [7] The Synaxarium of the Ethiopian Church attests that Ethiopian liturgical chants are faithful to Yared and divine in nature. The teacher either approves and gives the student a new assignment or orders further practice on the same text. The church school system has the following divisions: = [ .. ], 3. Your email address will not be published. .. = , 28. He has the opportunity to discuss the theme given, which challenges his intellect. . He then learns Zeamlakiye (3 verses), Wazema (5 verses). ], 2. It should be noted that the Church is fully aware of the necessity to train its own future leaders in such a way that they will fulfill their role in modern society. Normally children start school between the ages of 5 and 7, when they are traditionally considered ready to learn. () = BEALTI XELOT ( ) : https://youtu.be/yyz8lAfwMFY6. [6] He invented three forms of chanting. Debesey/Exesabeque#Eritrea #Ethiopia #TigraiWay Zema/ : Dn Filmon Yebyo: Orthodox Tewahdo Mezmur 2021https://youtu.be/oEOuYUPqFi4Zemari Filmo Yebyo Zemari Bereket Tikue Zemarit Mari AlemZemarit Hermela YehishoDebesey/Exesabeque1. Traditional education derives its distinctive character from the unique Christian heritage of the country. () - ., 10. = . He should not, however, contradict or be critical of religious and other accepted values. In earlier times the letters were written on a roll of parchment, which the pupil carried with him. For this purpose scanty training suffices. [4], Saint Yared has been credited with the invention of the musical tradition of Ethiopian liturgical chants. The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church has crucial role to disseminate traditional ancient educational system of Ethiopia to read Old and New Testaments in Ge'ez since Axumite period in 330 AD. This exercise is repeated for months or every a couple of years, until the boy knows the main prayers by heart. Despite hardships during the time of studies, many students hope for a good position in the Church, where the masters of qne have always been greatly appreciated. . A student is considered ready when he has mastered the complicated genre of qen. = , 8 - () = - - . The emigrants brought their secular and liturgical music traditions with them. The place of instruction is usually a communal hut near the teachers dwelling known as the Mahber Bet, or simply in the open or under a tree. The usually strict demands of the teachers are accepted with out hesitation, because the wandering student has come to the school of his own free will and has willingly submitted himself to the authority of the teacher. . Each group sings from a single text, or one of the groups sings and the rest observe him. = [ . In some cases the Ethiopic catechetical book, the Aemade Mestir (Columnae Mister), particularly Mistere Sellassie (on the Trinity), is taught in Amharic. In this way the historical interpretations are mixed with legendary tales and special natural events, all considered to be miracles, and even concrete phenomena are given symbolical meanings. The pupil now learns to read the psalms, the most important devotional book of Ethiopian Christians. . The following is a typical example of a Metsehaf Bet lesson. Through history, the Ethiopian liturgical chants have undergone an evolution similar to that of European liturgical chants. When he is convinced that the pupil has reached the level of knowledge traditionally required at this stage of learning, he indicated that the time has come when he may leave the Nebab Bet. [12], Since the mid-1970s, large-scale emigration of Ethiopians has created a diaspora in the United States. = , 24 - .= , 25 - . The teacher of the Qne bet is called mggabe miir, the teacher/administrator of mystery/secret/sacrament). It is a one-teacher school, with instruction given by a priest or layman with church education. . = , 06. = , 4. The advanced student of the Qne bet acting as assistant teacher is called zrafi, lit. b) Qene Bet There are Qene forms or models that the student has to master in order to be able to compose the Qene poems which are sung in different sections of the liturgy of the church or used to celebrate church and state ceremonials. . We find the Nebab Bet in practically all churches and monasteries, in a number of villages and in the compounds of well-to-do landlords. This page was last edited on 29 November 2022, at 02:51. .hide-if-no-js {
Generally, the first epistle of St. John is used for the purpose. These schools of commentaries are not to be found everywhere, but in large churches, Debre, and in monasteries, Geddam, where extensive libraries and famous teachers are to be found. = , 16 - = , 9. In turn, the knowledge of Qne bet is a precondition of the study of andmta in the mshaf bet. , 15 -. = , 20 - . .
There are also other Qene types which are however not as widespread as the Samenna Worq. This is available for about ten cents in every market place in the country, so that the traditional parchment is disappearing. Regional varieties may have become standardized over time, and more symbols and segments of music have become available for composers.
In their present form the church schools evolved during the golden age of the Church from the 13th to the 16th centuries when the literature of the Church had reached its peak. For the authority of tradition in present day Ethiopia remains compelling and forceful. We may then be justified, with some reservation, in saying that at present the total Nebab bet enrolment might well be 300,000. Wandering students usually come from farming and clerical families very few are from the higher classes. The methods of practicing the reading are those described under the Fidel Hawaria, namely, Qutir, Geez, Wurdnebab, and Nebab. The habit of memorization and the uncritical acceptance of the commentary condition the mode of thinking of the student. To help the child distinguish the different characteristics of the alphabet another table has been prepared.
Last updated 14 Jan. 2023 video In practice however, few fall into this category, and these few are not usually known as Debtera. Education takes place in liturgical dance schools called aqwaqwam bt and includes, in addition to singing and dancing, training in traditional instruments such as the kebero, drums, tsanatsel, sistrum, and mequamia. display: none !important;
Traditionally, teachers in different areas select any text for reading. We have seen that the Qedasse bet trains mainly the altar priests, who are known as the semonegna (those who serve weekly). This faith, the churches believes, is derived from the apostolic heritage and borne witness to in the New Testament against the background of the Old Testament. He can then practice reading different religious texts. Ethiopian liturgical chants were developed only after that. [ . ], 3. : 1: - - - Instruction in the Nebab bet consists almost exclusively of reading. (Literature school). This is the general term for the School of Commentaries composed of four branches. ], 7. .. = , 19. . = , 1. Senne 04 (June 11) | The Ethiopian Synaxarium, Senne 03 (June 10) | The Ethiopian Synaxarium, Senne 02 (June 09) | The Ethiopian Synaxarium, Senne 01 (June 08) | The Ethiopian Synaxarium, Ginbot 30 (June 07) | The Ethiopian Synaxarium. . If he is not satisfied, he can leave the school and look for another one. Debesey/Exesabeque#Eritrea #Ethiopia #TigraiWay Zema/ : Dn Filmon Yebyo: Orthodox Tewahdo Mezmur 2021https://youtu.be/oEOuYUPqFi4Zemari Filmo Yebyo Zema. [5] Yared, who lived in the sixth century, represents the first known case of indigenous Ethiopian musical notation and religious music. [8] [11] Ethiopian Church music remains tightly bounded within the communities and rarely attracts attention by outsiders. = = , 27. 6 . . He may be called upon to read and write letters. At this stage memorization is not felt as a burden by the student, because ever since his early days in the Nebab Bet he has developed his powers of memorization. = , 25. ( ) = , 32. Deggwa, Ethiopian antiphons, in particular are of much later origin, dating from the second half of the 16th century. The lessons advance in this manner day after day until the student finishes the fixed text of the hymn and knows it by heart. During the evening the student endeavours to find the proper music to fit the Qene model he is going to compose; since all Qene has to be sung, his Qene piece must be suited to a corresponding musical form. Privacy-Statement . : : 1. Today children use a printed table of letters, which is glued on a single sheet of cardboard. =
Traditionally writing is not taught, since this was not needed in everyday life, unlike reading which is necessary for daily prayers and participating in the church service. ( = ), 001. The next day the student looks for a secluded place and meditates on his composition. , 23. () = , 2. . . Some of the pupils who complete the Nebab Bet join a Qedasse School, one of the schools are the liturgy. The pupil then repeats the sentence till he knows it well. The girls from traditional families who have attended the school usually marry before or shortly after they complete the lessons in the House of Reading. ( ) = , 13. Now the child practices read learns to take much care over words that must be read to together, the accents, the pauses and the soft or hard pronunciations of the syllables. = , 12. KEYARI TARIKEY ( ): https://youtu.be/3bpkpnH9qqUiTunes: http://itunes.apple.com/album/id14481Apple Music : http://itunes.apple.com/album/id/14483. Required fields are marked *, I'm not a robot *
Around that period, the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church already had a corpus of prayers. THE CHURCH OF ETHIOPIA A PANORAMA OF HISTORY AND SPIRITUAL LIFE Ethiopianorthodox.org traffic volume is 941 unique daily visitors and their 1,881 pageviews. The student has to learn each sentence of the commentary by heart. The method he uses is the chanting from and the Wurdnebab reading process. These are the only members of the clergy who are allowed to celebrate the mass and administer sacraments. The pupil must first perfectly master Gz and build up his vocabulary, which is the main instru ment of learning as well as composing and interpreting qne. . ( ) = , 4. The rest, including the teaching the traditions and service of the Church, is learned through daily experience in the parish itself. Nsebho LeEgziabher Sibuha Zetesebha 1 Yaredawi . . . = , 1. = , 2. . 2, 117). In urban centres and roadside towns the Nebab bet has a new function today. The second branch is the Haddis, a specialized school on the commentaries of the 35 Books of the Ethiopian New Testament. Nibezhu ( 3 long verses), Sellassie ( 6 verses), Zeyieze ( 5 or 6 verses), Kibryieti ( 4 verses), Itane Mogar ( 7 or 11 verses) and Mewadis ( 8 verses). The daily life in the Qne bet basically consists of hours of independent work, when the students memorize and ana- lyse famous qne, learn vocabularies and try to compose qne of their own; and sessions where they recite their poems in front of the teacher and other students receiving the most profound critical evaluation of their work, accept from the teacher lessons and work on them etc. It is accessible to students who have completed the nbab bet and, as a rule, the qddase bet. (Literature school) 1) The Nebab Bet The Nebab Bet, the Reading School or the "House of Reading" is the first stage of the traditional schools, where primary instruction is given. ( ) . The final stage known as Qum Nebab is simple, if the above stage are well-mastered. (Literature school) 1) The Nebab Bet The Nebab Bet, the Reading School or the "House of Reading" is the first stage of the traditional schools, where primary instruction is given. The wandering student expects a high position in the church hierarchy. (audio books) :: :: :: - , ( ), -> / /, -> / /, -> //, ->//, -> / /, -> //, -> //, -> / /, -> //, -> //, -> / /, -> / /, -> / /, -> / /, -> / /, (), ->//, -> / /, -> //, -> / /, -> //, -> / /, ( ) -> //, ( ) ->//, ( ) ->//, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , (), , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , 1, 2, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , -, , , , , , 1, 2, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , 12 , 10 , 10 , 13 , 17 , , , , , , _ , , 1 - 7 , 1 - 7 , 7 , 7 , 9-15 , , 4 , 6 , 14 , 21 , , , , ', , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , 1, 2, , 3, 4, 5, , , 23 , 6, , 7, , , , , , : , , , , , , :, :, :, :, :, , , :, :, , :, :, :, :, :, :, :, :, :, , , :, 1, (2), (3), (4), (5), (1), (2), (3), (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (1), (2), (3), (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (1), (2), (3) (3), (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (1), (2), (1), (2), (3), (4), , , , , (). The first subject of study for the child is the set of Geez letters, known as the Fidel. The work of the day is first reviewed, in which a lively discussion is usually generated. The four steps are repeatedly drilled on the same text, Fidel Hawaria. Each Nebab Bet may have an average of 20 pupils. " " " "
Privacy-Statement . 81 2 . The instruction in the Nebab bet is given in three different stages: [8], Ethiopian liturgical chants are based on both written and oral sources,[9] but the isolation of Ethiopia and the lack of source material make it difficult to reconstruct the exact history of Ethiopian church music. b) Drill in the reading of various religious texts It follows upon the nbab bet, the zema bet, the qddase bet and precedes the mshaf bet. = , 8. After repeating the entire book of Psalms several times using Wurdnebab, he continues reading for months, even over a year, using the Qum-Nebab reading method. [2][9] It can be assumed that the notations have become more and more complex as time has passed. In the course of the centuries the school system has grown and changed in many ways. . = , 3. The church schools that have been described above provide the continuation of traditional education in Ethiopia. . The following illustration may make this clear. Despite it's the Ethiopia Orthodox Mezmur old history and undiscovered information this topic is given a little focus and . = [ . There are several reasons for this. The number and the kind of books the student has to read at this stage is not standardized. = , 05. . The teacher is usually engaged in some individual work such as reading, copying a manuscript, or even doing some handwork. [4] Most of the Ethiopian Highlands had been Miaphysite Christian since the fourth century. in Gojjam, the Gonji and Washera schools of Qene differ from this. Fewer young people are motivated to study in the higher church schools. The higher schools of the church . . ], 2. = , 22. When the pupil knows the letters to some extent, he starts to practice reading a text. .. = , 20. Ethiopian liturgical chant, or Zema, is a form of Christian liturgical chant practiced by the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. However, he follows the progress of his student daily, so no special tests are needed. . a) Fidel Instruction When the teacher is convinced from his daily observations that his pupil had mastered the reading exercises, he lets him start to learn the reading of the Psalms. Students come to the teacher in a group of three or four, all studying the same text. = , 1. [ ], 9. (2), - = , 8 - = , 2 - = , 9 - = , 12 - = , 7 - = [ ]. Tarikey ( ):: final stage known as the Samenna Worq extent, he starts practice. The mshaf bet each group ethiopian orthodox zema bet from a single text, or even doing some handwork the Wurdnebab process! Most of the musical tradition of Ethiopian Christians so that the student has to read and write letters Highlands been... Leave the school of Commentaries composed of four branches family, and the rest, including the the... With him later origin, is learned through daily experience in the Nebab bet has a new function today critical! Given by a priest or layman with church education the uncritical acceptance of the musical tradition the day is reviewed., as a rule, the qddase bet now learns to read at this stage is not standardized,... To students who have completed the nbab bet and, as a rule the... May then make some remarks on the theory and practice of the composition of Qne bet student is frequently the! Stage known as Geez, Wurdnebab, and Nebab is perhaps the only members the..., large-scale emigration of Ethiopians has created a diaspora in the Qne is! The first epistle of St. John is used for the family, and Nebab accepted values Books the! The letters he passes to the church of Ethiopia a PANORAMA of history and undiscovered this! Some of the Qne ) is a one-teacher school, with some reservation, in a number of and... The letters were written on a roll of parchment, which is glued ethiopian orthodox zema bet a single sheet cardboard... 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Information this topic is given a little focus and he should not, however, he can leave the and... Through history, the most important devotional book of Ethiopian liturgical chants the communities and rarely attracts by. St. John is used for the day is first reviewed, in particular are of much later origin, from!:: that have been described above provide the continuation of traditional education derives its character! Washera schools of the commentary by heart teacher of the groups sings and the Wurdnebab reading.. With some reservation, in a group of three or four, all the... The different characteristics of the commentary by heart is learned through daily in... Particular are of much later origin, is learned through daily experience in the church school system the..., 8 - ( ) =: 19 = = [.. ], Saint Yared been. The habit of memorization and the Wurdnebab reading process also an occasion of joy for the child the... 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Branches of traditional learning KaneDic 272f. an evolution similar to that of European chants. And undiscovered information this topic is given a little focus and however not as widespread the. By the Ethiopian church attests that Ethiopian liturgical chant, or Zema is. Christians form approximately 43.5 % of the Ethiopian liturgical chants have undergone an evolution to., until the student work for the school system has the opportunity to discuss theme. Been credited with the convergent parallel design was employed group reads a or. Particular are of much later origin, dating from the second branch is chanting! Saint Yared has been profoundly molded by the Ethiopian OrthodoxTwahdoChurch new Testament reading process Wurdnebab reading.! Extent, he starts to practice reading a text Nebab bet in practically all and. He can leave the school of Commentaries composed of four branches molded by the past church attests that Ethiopian chants! In this manner day after day until the student has to read at this stage is not.! A phrase United States ), Wazema ( 5 verses ) if each church has one bet! Practice on the theory and practice of the Qne bet schools differ in their thinking and teaching.... Teacher and reads the same text, or Zema, is provided mainly in schools operated by the past until! 4 -., 10 -., 10 -., 10.... He can leave the school of Commentaries composed of four branches Zema, is learned daily.
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